Discuss the difference between various cells and the role these cells play in specific disease processes. 150 words.

A two-year-old male that presents with a retinal tumor and, ultimately, retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a malignant ocular tumor in children that occurs when there is a mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene (Machin et al., 2017). This single cell mutation is passed through an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that it only takes one parent’s mutated gene to pass onto the child. This mutation leads to the malignancy because tumor suppression is not present. When there are somatic mutations on both alleles, non-heritable retinoblastoma occurs, whereas heritable retinoblastoma occurs from a germline mutation in at least one allele. Mutations are classified as either germline or somatic (Dimaras et al., 2015) . Germline mutations occur in gametes and are passed onto offspring, where every cell in the entire organism are affected (Sun et al., 2018). Somatic mutations occur in a single body cell and cannot be inherited; therefore, only tissues derived from mutated cells are affected. The normal function of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is regulating cell growth and prevents cells from dividing uncontrollably, which play a vital role in tumor suppression. pRB also works with other proteins to affect cell survival, cell destruction, and differentiation (Velez-Crus & Johnson, 2017).

Discuss the difference between various cells and the role these cells play in specific disease processes. 150 words.

An 18 year old male presents with ADHD, small testes and learning disabilities. After a workup it is determined that he has a kerotype 47 XXY.

Karyotype 47 XXY refer as Klinefelter Syndrome is a chromosomal variation in males in which one extra X chromosome is present, resulting in 47,XXY karyotype. Male with 47,XXY have one extra X chromosome because of a nondisjunction error that randomly occur during the division of the sex chromosomes in the egg or sperm. Long term treatment during adulthood may also help with several other problems associated with Klinefelter syndrome including osteoporosis, low mood, reduced sex drive, low self-esteem an low energy levels, although it cannot reverse infertility (NHS, 2019 ).  

What is included on an APA reference?  What are in-text citations?  Find an article with data, research and/or statistics related to healthcare administration.  (could be any topic.. e,g diabetes data, heart disease, quality assurance, insurance rates etc)  Write a sentence in your own words that reflect the research you just read.  At the end of your sentence properly cite the reference (the article).   Include the reference on your reference page at the end of the assignment.   When should you use direct quotes? How often should they be used? How will these areas help you with writing research papers and projects?

Next – Find a research article that is related to the health care field (you must use the Keiser online Library). Provide a brief summary of the research article you have found, and upload a copy of the article to this board. As everyone uploads their article, take a look at them and discuss how they are similar to each other and how they are different. Can you determine the funding for the research?

Article:

The Lupus Encyclopedia

A Comprehensive Guide for Patients and Families

Donald E. Thomas Jr., M.D., FACP, FACR